# mypy: ignore-errors """ This module contains variable tracker classes for handling tensors and tensor-related operations in Dynamo. The main class is TensorVariable which represents torch.Tensor inputs and intermediate values in the FX graph. It handles tensor operations, method calls, and maintains metadata about tensor properties like dtype, device, etc. Other key classes include: - SymNodeVariable: Represents symbolic scalars (int/float/bool) used for size computation and unspecialized values - NumpyNdarrayVariable: Handles numpy array interop through torch._numpy - UnspecializedPythonVariable: Represents unspecialized Python numeric values as 1-element tensors - TensorSubclassVariable: Handles tensor subclasses with __torch_function__ overrides - UntypedStorageVariable: Represents tensor storage objects - DataPtrVariable: Handles tensor data pointer operations These classes work together to track tensor operations and properties during Dynamo's tracing process. """ import functools import logging import operator import textwrap import traceback import types import unittest from typing import TYPE_CHECKING import sympy import torch._numpy as tnp import torch.fx import torch.random from torch._dynamo import compiled_autograd from torch._subclasses.meta_utils import is_sparse_any from torch.fx.experimental.symbolic_shapes import ( guard_scalar, GuardOnDataDependentSymNode, has_free_symbols, is_symbolic, SymTypes, ) from torch.utils._python_dispatch import is_traceable_wrapper_subclass from .. import config, graph_break_hints, variables from .._trace_wrapped_higher_order_op import trace_wrapped from ..exc import ( unimplemented_v2, UnknownPropertiesDuringBackwardTrace, UserError, UserErrorType, ) from ..external_utils import call_hook_from_backward_state from ..guards import GuardBuilder, install_guard from ..source import AttrSource from ..utils import ( fqn, get_custom_getattr, get_fake_value, get_real_value, guard_if_dyn, object_has_getattribute, product, proxy_args_kwargs, set_example_value, tensortype_to_dtype, ) from .base import AttributeMutationNew, VariableTracker from .constant import ConstantVariable from .lists import SizeVariable from .user_defined import UserDefinedClassVariable try: import numpy as np except ModuleNotFoundError: np = None if TYPE_CHECKING: from torch._dynamo.codegen import PyCodegen from torch._dynamo.symbolic_convert import InstructionTranslator log = logging.getLogger(__name__) # Ops that allow tensor tensor supported_tensor_comparison_ops = { ">": operator.gt, "<": operator.lt, ">=": operator.ge, "<=": operator.le, "==": operator.eq, "!=": operator.ne, "is": operator.is_, "is not": operator.is_not, } # Ops that allow tensor None supported_const_comparison_ops = { "is": operator.is_, "is not": operator.is_not, "==": operator.eq, "!=": operator.ne, } supported_comparison_ops = { **supported_tensor_comparison_ops, **supported_const_comparison_ops, } supported_tensor_comparison_op_values = dict.fromkeys( supported_tensor_comparison_ops.values() ) supported_const_comparison_op_values = dict.fromkeys( supported_const_comparison_ops.values() ) def is_bound_tensor_method(value): return ( callable(value) and not torch._dynamo.utils.object_has_getattribute(value) and hasattr(value, "__self__") and isinstance(value.__self__, torch.Tensor) and getattr(value.__self__, value.__name__, None) ) # instead of using inspect.getattr_static, we directly lookup the appropriate # dicts. It is necessary to keep the torch._C.TensorBase first in the or # operation, because the second arg takes priority in or operation when there # are common keys. all_tensor_attrs = torch._C.TensorBase.__dict__ | torch.Tensor.__dict__ class TensorVariable(VariableTracker): """A torch.Tensor input or an intermediate value in the FX graph""" _nonvar_fields = { "proxy", "dtype", "device", "layout", "ndim", "size", "stride", "requires_grad", "is_quantized", "is_contiguous", "is_nested", "is_sparse", "class_type", "specialized_value", "_is_name_set", *VariableTracker._nonvar_fields, } def get_real_value(self): """ Get the actual value represented by this variable if computation is run using the user-provided inputs. NOTE: this runs actual tensor computation and may be slow and memory-intensive. """ return get_real_value(self.proxy.node, self.proxy.tracer) def __init__( self, proxy: torch.fx.Proxy, *, dtype, device, layout, ndim, requires_grad, is_nested, is_quantized, is_sparse, class_type, has_grad_fn, _size=None, stride=None, is_contiguous=None, _is_name_set=None, **kwargs, ) -> None: super().__init__(**kwargs) self.proxy = proxy self.dtype = dtype self.device = device self.layout = layout self.ndim = ndim self._size = _size # this is accessed as a property for validation self.stride = stride self.requires_grad = requires_grad self.is_quantized = is_quantized self.is_contiguous = is_contiguous self.is_nested = is_nested self.is_sparse = is_sparse self.class_type = class_type self.has_grad_fn = has_grad_fn if _is_name_set is None: # no need to rename inputs _is_name_set = self.proxy.node.op == "placeholder" self._is_name_set: bool = _is_name_set def debug_repr(self): # TODO: strip off fake tensor from repr here return repr(self.proxy.node.meta["example_value"]) def as_proxy(self): return self.proxy def python_type(self): return self.class_type @staticmethod def specialize(value: torch.Tensor): props = { "dtype": value.dtype, "device": value.device, "layout": value.layout, "ndim": int(value.ndim), "requires_grad": value.requires_grad, "is_nested": value.is_nested, "is_quantized": value.is_quantized, "is_sparse": value.is_sparse, "class_type": type(value), } try: props["has_grad_fn"] = value.grad_fn is not None except Exception: # Workaround for issues with create_parameter_op in Dynamo. Reading # grad_fn should never cause an issue. props["has_grad_fn"] = False if is_sparse_any(value) and not has_free_symbols(value): props["_size"] = tuple( [int(s) if is_symbolic(s) else s for s in value.size()] ) elif not has_free_symbols(value): # this is a fully static shape, and the keys on props here inform specialization. # We have to cast to int here, because these might get accessed as ConstantVariable, which has # a strict no-symint policy. If we got here due to not having free symbols, this is a known constant # already. We could remove the discrepancy here, by having ConstantVariable be more permissive for # constant backed SymInts, but that assert being strict has led to some good signal in hunting bugs, and # I'd like to keep it around for now. props["_size"] = tuple( # the non is_symbolic case applies to the jagged layout # NestedTensor case as singleton ints are not symbolic [int(s) if is_symbolic(s) else s for s in value.size()] ) props["stride"] = tuple(value.stride()) if torch._C._functorch.is_batchedtensor(value): # Batched tensors does not support contiguity patterns, so # we refrain from computing the `is_contiguous` property props["is_contiguous"] = None else: props["is_contiguous"] = tuple( [ x for x in torch._prims_common._memory_formats if value.is_contiguous(memory_format=x) ] ) return props def dynamic_getattr(self, tx: "InstructionTranslator", name): fake_val = self.proxy.node.meta["example_value"] # For getattrs on tensors without sources, # we can do better than the default (creating a GetAttrVariable) # if: # (1) the tensor is a traceable tensor subclass # (2) We are getattr'ing an inner tensor from that subclass if not self.source and is_traceable_wrapper_subclass(fake_val): attrs, _ctx = fake_val.__tensor_flatten__() proxy = getattr(self.as_proxy(), name) example_value = getattr(fake_val, name) if name in attrs: # attrs returned from tensor_flatten are always tensors assert isinstance(example_value, torch.Tensor) from .builder import wrap_fx_proxy return wrap_fx_proxy(tx=tx, proxy=proxy, example_value=example_value) # any other attributes on the subclass (that are not methods) # are assumed to be constant metadata. elif not callable(example_value): return VariableTracker.build(tx, example_value) if not (self.source and self.source.subguards_allowed()): raise NotImplementedError # For local source, we associate the real value. We use this real value # for implementing getattr fallthrough on the variable tracker base class. # Note - this scope construction is mirrored in guards # A subsequent PR will introduce a util. scope = {"L": tx.output.local_scope, "G": tx.output.global_scope} try: # We raise in case we get a typerror bug w/ SuperSource. # SuperSource has bugs in it atm, and can produce code like # eval("super(L['mod'].model.model.encoder.embed_positions.forward__class__, # L['mod'].model.model.encoder.embed_positions)", scope) # Which is incorrect, and violates the invariant that all sources should be eval()-able against the scope. _input_associated_real_value = eval(self.source.name(), scope) except Exception as exc: raise NotImplementedError from exc if _input_associated_real_value is None: raise NotImplementedError if object_has_getattribute(_input_associated_real_value): raise NotImplementedError if get_custom_getattr(_input_associated_real_value): raise NotImplementedError real_value = getattr(_input_associated_real_value, name) attr_source = AttrSource(self.source, name) install_guard(attr_source.make_guard(GuardBuilder.HASATTR)) # Typically we'd want to use variable builder here # but unfortunately id(real_value.__self__) is not id() if is_bound_tensor_method(real_value): from .misc import GetAttrVariable return GetAttrVariable( self, name, source=attr_source, py_type=type(real_value) ) return VariableTracker.build(tx, real_value, attr_source) def method_attr_ndim(self, tx): if self.ndim is not None: return ConstantVariable.create(self.ndim) else: return self.call_method(tx, "dim", [], {}) def method_attr_dtype(self, tx): if self.dtype is not None: return ConstantVariable.create(self.dtype) def method_attr_device(self, tx): if self.device is not None: return ConstantVariable.create(self.device) def method_attr_layout(self, tx): if self.layout is not None: return ConstantVariable.create(self.layout) def method_attr_is_cuda(self, tx): if self.device is not None: return ConstantVariable.create(self.device.type == "cuda") def method_attr_shape(self, tx): if self.valid_size(): sizes = [variables.ConstantVariable.create(x) for x in self.size] return SizeVariable(sizes) else: return self.call_method(tx, "size", [], {}) def method_attr_requires_grad(self, tx): if self.requires_grad is not None: return ConstantVariable.create(self.requires_grad) def method_attr_is_quantized(self, tx): if self.is_quantized is not None: return ConstantVariable.create(self.is_quantized) def method_attr_is_sparse(self, tx): if self.is_sparse is not None: return ConstantVariable.create(self.is_sparse) def method_attr_is_nested(self, tx): if self.is_nested is not None: return ConstantVariable.create(self.is_nested) def method_attr_retain_grad(self, tx): unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Tensor.retain_grad() with AOTDispatcher", context=f"var_getattr {self} retain_grad", explanation="`Tensor.retain_grad()` does not work with AOTDispatcher.", hints=[], ) def method_attr_data(self, tx): return variables.TorchInGraphFunctionVariable( torch._C._autograd._get_data_attr ).call_function(tx, [self], {}) def method_attr_grad_fn(self, tx): if self.has_grad_fn: unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Tensor with grad_fn()", context=f"var_getattr {self} grad_fn", explanation="Dynamo does not support tracing tensors with a grad_fn directly.", hints=[], ) else: return variables.ConstantVariable(None) def method_attr__version(self, tx): from ..tensor_version_op import _tensor_version return variables.TorchInGraphFunctionVariable(_tensor_version).call_function( tx, [self], {} ) def call_obj_hasattr(self, tx: "InstructionTranslator", name): from . import GetAttrVariable from .builtin import BuiltinVariable # TODO - This is not a good solution but solves an accuracy issue. # Today, var_getattr returns GetAttrVariable for both non-existent # attributes and existing attributes. This is a bug and requires more # deep dive. if name in ("size", "stride"): return ConstantVariable(True) try: var = BuiltinVariable(getattr).call_function( tx, [self, ConstantVariable(name)], {} ) # in the event that TensorVariable returns NotImplemented # BuiltinVariable.call_getattr returns GetAttrVariable ret_val = not isinstance(var, GetAttrVariable) except AttributeError: ret_val = False if self.source: install_guard( AttrSource(self.source, name).make_guard(GuardBuilder.HASATTR) ) return ConstantVariable(ret_val) def var_getattr(self, tx: "InstructionTranslator", name): if self.is_strict_mode(tx): if name in self._strict_mode_banned_ops(): unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Strict mode banned op", context=f"var_getattr {self} {name}", explanation=f"Getattr invocation '{name}' in strict mode is not supported.", hints=[ f"Remove `{name}` from the list of banned ops by " "setting `torch._dynamo.config._autograd_backward_strict_mode_banned_ops`.", ], ) elif name in self._strict_mode_conditional_banned_ops(): raise UnknownPropertiesDuringBackwardTrace( f"Unknown property {name} during speculating backward, dynamo will insert contiguous call ahead and speculate it again" # noqa: B950 ) if name == "__class__": return UserDefinedClassVariable(self.python_type()) handler = getattr(self, f"method_attr_{name}", None) result = handler(tx) if handler is not None else None # Add a guard for type matching, these guards are checked before tensor guards # In some cases, a . guard can be evaluated first, and break if # is later changed to another type if ( result is not None and self.source and self.source.subguards_allowed() and not ( name not in ("grad", "requires_grad") and result.is_python_constant() ) ): install_guard(self.make_guard(GuardBuilder.TYPE_MATCH)) result.source = AttrSource(self.source, name) # It's hard to get inplace view (metadata mutation) on graph input work properly across # dynamo/aot/inductor, just fall back. if self.source is not None and hasattr(torch.ops.aten, name): fn = getattr(torch.ops.aten, name) if ( hasattr(fn, "overloads") and hasattr(fn, fn.overloads()[0]) and torch.Tag.inplace_view in getattr(fn, fn.overloads()[0]).tags ): # Delay the graph break to the actual call of unsqueeze_/resize_/resize_as_ etc. return variables.misc.DelayGraphBreakVariable( source=AttrSource(self.source, name), msg="Getting an inplace view on a graph input is not supported", ) # For attributes (not methods) that were not caught in the special handling above, # (e.g. tensor.real), we handle these generically, assuming that the output type is # a tensor. if result is None and name != "grad": def try_generic_attr_handling(): from .builder import wrap_fx_proxy from .misc import GetAttrVariable static_attr = all_tensor_attrs.get(name, None) if static_attr is None: return None # Make sure this is an attribute, not a method. # type(torch.Tensor.H) should be "getset_descriptor" # This is a because of CPython implementation, see THPVariableType: # these attributes are implemented under tp_getset, which appear # as `getset_descriptor`s, (compared to, say, methods which appear # as `method_descriptor`s) if type(static_attr) != types.GetSetDescriptorType: return None proxy = GetAttrVariable.create_getattr_proxy(self.as_proxy(), name) if self.source is not None: return wrap_fx_proxy( tx=tx, proxy=proxy, source=AttrSource(self.source, name) ) else: return wrap_fx_proxy(tx=tx, proxy=proxy) result = try_generic_attr_handling() if result is None: result = self.dynamic_getattr(tx, name) if result is None: raise NotImplementedError return result def call_id(self, tx): if not self.source: unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Unsupported call_id() without source", context=f"call_id {self}", explanation="call_id() not supported for sourceless TensorVariable.", hints=[], ) # For local source, we associate the real value. We use this real value scope = {"L": tx.output.local_scope, "G": tx.output.global_scope} try: _input_associated_real_value = eval(self.source.name(), scope) except Exception as exc: unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Error getting associated real value", context=f"call_id {self}", explanation="Dynamo encountered an error while trying to " "get the associated real value.", hints=[], from_exc=exc, ) if _input_associated_real_value is None: unimplemented_v2( gb_type="call_id() without associated real value", context=f"call_id {self}", explanation="Dynamo could not find an associated real value for the tensor.", hints=[], ) install_guard(self.source.make_guard(GuardBuilder.ID_MATCH)) id_value = id(_input_associated_real_value) return ConstantVariable.create(id_value) def has_unpack_var_sequence(self, tx): return self.ndim > 0 def unpack_var_sequence(self, tx: "InstructionTranslator", idxes=None): from .builder import wrap_fx_proxy_cls if self.valid_size(): size_len = len(self.size) else: size_var = self.call_method(tx, "size", [], {}) assert isinstance(size_var, SizeVariable) size_len = len(size_var.items) # Ensure we don't unpack a scalar tensor. assert size_len != 0, "Can't unpack scalar tensors." if self.valid_size(): length = self.size[0] else: dyn_length = self.call_method(tx, "size", [ConstantVariable.create(0)], {}) # SymNodeVariable for symbolic sizes, ConstantVariable for constants OR values produced through # symbolic_shapes, but that end up as int/sympy.Integer assert isinstance(dyn_length, (SymNodeVariable, ConstantVariable)) if isinstance(dyn_length, SymNodeVariable): length = dyn_length.evaluate_expr(tx.output) else: length = dyn_length.value if idxes is None: idxes = range(length) else: assert len(idxes) == length, ( f"Can't unpack a tensor of {length} rows into a tuple of {len(idxes)} elements." ) return [ wrap_fx_proxy_cls(target_cls=type(self), tx=tx, proxy=self.as_proxy()[i]) for i in idxes ] def valid_size(self): return self._size is not None @property def size(self): assert self._size is not None, "accessing None size in TensorVariable" return self._size def _strict_mode_banned_ops(self): return torch._dynamo.config._autograd_backward_strict_mode_banned_ops def _strict_mode_conditional_banned_ops(self): return ( torch._dynamo.config._autograd_backward_strict_mode_conditional_banned_ops ) def call_method( self, tx, name, args: "list[VariableTracker]", kwargs: "dict[str, VariableTracker]", ) -> "VariableTracker": from .builder import SourcelessBuilder, VariableBuilder from .torch_function import can_dispatch_torch_function, dispatch_torch_function if self.is_strict_mode(tx) and name in self._strict_mode_banned_ops(): unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Illegal method invocation in strict mode", context=f"call_method {self} {name} {args} {kwargs}", explanation="Dynamo currently does not support this method " f"({name}) invocation in strict mode.", hints=[], ) # Only override builtin tensor methods # The user can manually add override handling # with a decorator for other methods (e.g. a dispatch subclass with other methods) static_attr = all_tensor_attrs.get(name, None) is_base_tensor_method = static_attr is not None if ( can_dispatch_torch_function(tx, tuple([self] + list(args)), kwargs) and is_base_tensor_method ): if self.source: func_var = VariableBuilder( tx, AttrSource(AttrSource(self.source, "__class__"), name) )(static_attr) else: func_var = SourcelessBuilder.create(tx, getattr(torch.Tensor, name)) return dispatch_torch_function( tx, func_var, tuple([self] + list(args)), kwargs ) """ Dispatch to a method-specific handler defined below. If the handler returns None (or doesn't exist) we put the method call in the graph. """ # This is seen in inspect signature where we check if the value is a default value if name == "__eq__" and isinstance(args[0], UserDefinedClassVariable): return variables.ConstantVariable(False) # For historical reasons, these ops decompose down to syntactically # invalid aten ops because they contain the python keyword `from`, see # discussions in #151432 for more details. # We graph break for now since this use case is uncommon. if name == "random_": unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Tensor.random_ op", context=f"Tensor.{name}({args=}, {kwargs=})", explanation="This is currently not supported.", hints=[ "Use the out-of-place version of this op", *graph_break_hints.SUPPORTABLE, ], ) elif name == "uniform_" and "from" in kwargs: unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Tensor.uniform_ op called with `from` keyword", context=f"Tensor.{name}({args=}, {kwargs=})", explanation="This is currently not supported.", hints=[ "Avoid using the `from` keyword.", *graph_break_hints.SUPPORTABLE, ], ) try: handler_method = getattr(self, f"method_{name}") except AttributeError: pass else: try: result = handler_method(*args, **kwargs) if result: return result except TypeError as e: unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Unhandled args for method", context=f"call_method {self} {name} {args} {kwargs}", explanation="Dynamo encountered an error while calling " f"the method `{name}`.", hints=[], from_exc=e, ) from .builder import wrap_fx_proxy return wrap_fx_proxy( tx, tx.output.create_proxy( "call_method", name, *proxy_args_kwargs([self, *args], kwargs), ), ) def method_size(self, *args, **kwargs): return self._method_size_stride("size", *args, **kwargs) def method_stride(self, *args, **kwargs): return self._method_size_stride("stride", *args, **kwargs) def _method_size_stride(self, name, dim=None): dim = guard_if_dyn(dim) def make_const_size_variable(x, **options): return SizeVariable( [ConstantVariable.create(y, **options) for y in x], **options ) RetVariable = ( make_const_size_variable if name == "size" else ConstantVariable.create ) # Technically, this should not be necessary, but I'm including it # for enhanced BC, in case example_value is sometimes not set # (it really should always be set though!) if name != "size": r = getattr(self, name) elif name == "size" and self.valid_size(): r = self.size else: r = None if r is not None: if dim is None: return RetVariable(r) else: return ConstantVariable.create(r[dim]) # It might still be constant! Consult the fake tensor and see if (fake := self.proxy.node.meta.get("example_value")) is not None: if dim is None: fake_r = getattr(fake, name)() if not has_free_symbols(fake_r): # int conversion for safety, in case a SymInt refined # to constant return RetVariable(tuple(int(r) for r in fake_r)) else: fake_r = getattr(fake, name)(dim) if not has_free_symbols(fake_r): return ConstantVariable.create(int(fake_r)) def method_numel(self): if self.valid_size(): return ConstantVariable.create(product(self.size)) # It might still be constant! Consult the fake tensor and see if (fake := self.proxy.node.meta.get("example_value")) is not None: fake_r = fake.numel() if not has_free_symbols(fake_r): return ConstantVariable.create(int(fake_r)) method_nelement = method_numel def method_dim(self): if self.ndim is not None: return ConstantVariable.create(self.ndim) method_ndimension = method_dim def method_is_floating_point(self): if self.dtype is not None: return ConstantVariable.create(self.dtype.is_floating_point) def method_is_inference(self): if config.fake_tensor_disable_inference_mode: unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Encountered tensor.is_inference() during tracing", context="", explanation="tensor.is_inference() is not supported", hints=[ *graph_break_hints.FUNDAMENTAL, *graph_break_hints.INFERENCE_MODE, ], ) if (fake := self.proxy.node.meta.get("example_value")) is not None: return ConstantVariable.create(fake.is_inference()) def method_is_complex(self): if self.dtype is not None: return ConstantVariable.create(self.dtype.is_complex) def method_is_contiguous(self, memory_format=None): memory_format = ( memory_format.as_python_constant() if memory_format is not None else torch.contiguous_format ) if self.is_contiguous is not None: return ConstantVariable.create(memory_format in self.is_contiguous) elif (fake := self.proxy.node.meta.get("example_value")) is not None: return ConstantVariable.create( fake.is_contiguous(memory_format=memory_format) ) def method_type(self, dtype=None, non_blocking=False, **kwargs): if ( dtype is None and self.dtype is not None and isinstance(self.device, torch.device) ): tensortype = next( k for k, v in tensortype_to_dtype.items() if self.dtype in v ) if self.device.type == "cpu": return ConstantVariable.create(f"torch.{tensortype.__name__}") else: return ConstantVariable.create( f"torch.{self.device.type}.{tensortype.__name__}" ) elif ( dtype is not None and fqn(type(dtype.as_python_constant())) == "torch.tensortype" ): # torch.FloatTensor, etc. are all of type "torch.tensortype". # torch.fx's tracer fails on these types, because it doesn't support arguments of torch.tensortype type. # So, we pass it in as a string (which is also supported, see above implementation for .type() with 0 args) tensor_type = dtype.as_python_constant() tensor_type_const = ConstantVariable.create(fqn(tensor_type)) from ..symbolic_convert import InstructionTranslator from .builder import wrap_fx_proxy tx = InstructionTranslator.current_tx() if non_blocking: kwargs = {"non_blocking": non_blocking, **kwargs} return wrap_fx_proxy( tx, tx.output.create_proxy( "call_method", "type", *proxy_args_kwargs([self, tensor_type_const], kwargs), ), ) def method_as_subclass(self, cls): if isinstance(cls, TensorSubclassVariable) and cls.source: from ..symbolic_convert import InstructionTranslator from .torch_function import TensorWithTFOverrideVariable tx = InstructionTranslator.current_tx() py_cls = cls.as_python_constant() var = TensorWithTFOverrideVariable.from_tensor_var( tx, self, py_cls, cls.source ) # See NOTE [Side effect tracking for newly constructed tensor] tx.output.side_effects._track_obj( object(), var, mutation_type_cls=AttributeMutationNew ) return var unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Argument of `as_subclass` must be a non-dispatcher-style tensor subclass", context=f"{self}.as_subclass({cls})", explanation="Currently not supported", hints=[ "Avoid this call or move it outside `torch.compile` regione", *graph_break_hints.SUPPORTABLE, ], ) def method_get_device(self): if isinstance(self.device, torch.device): index = self.device.index if self.device.type != "cpu" else -1 return ConstantVariable.create(index) def method_element_size(self): return ConstantVariable.create(self.dtype.itemsize) def method_numpy(self, *, force=False): if not config.trace_numpy: unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Tensor.numpy() with trace_numpy=False", context=f"call_method {self} numpy", explanation="`Tensor.numpy()` was called, but the `trace_numpy` " "configuration was manually disabled.", hints=[ "Set `torch._dynamo.config.trace_numpy = True` to allow " "Dynamo to trace through NumPy.", ], ) if not np: unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Tensor.numpy() without NumPy installed", context=f"call_method {self} numpy", explanation="`Tensor.numpy()` was called, but the NumPy library " "is not available in the current environment.", hints=[ "Ensure NumPy is installed in your Python environment.", ], ) if self.layout != torch.strided: raise TypeError( f"can't convert {self.layout} layout tensor to numpy. Use Tensor.to_dense() first" ) from ..symbolic_convert import InstructionTranslator tx = InstructionTranslator.current_tx() # We don't check that the tensor is on CPU when force is False, as this # allows us to execute NumPy code on CUDA. Same for requires_grad=True if force and force.as_python_constant(): # If the user set force=True we try to preserve the semantics (no gradients, move to CPU...) t = self.call_method(tx, "detach", [], {}) proxy = tx.output.create_proxy("call_method", "cpu", (t.as_proxy(),), {}) else: # Hacky way to create a view of self that will be marked as NumpyNdarrayVariable proxy = tx.output.create_proxy( "call_method", "view_as", *proxy_args_kwargs([self, self], {}) ) return NumpyNdarrayVariable.create(tx, proxy) def method_tolist(self): from ..symbolic_convert import InstructionTranslator from .builder import wrap_fx_proxy tx = InstructionTranslator.current_tx() def tolist(tensor, sub_proxy): def wrap(i, sub_proxy): # Sigh, we forgot to gate this, so this data dependent is on # by default and is load bearing in CI with unittest.mock.patch.object( tx.fake_mode, "allow_scalar_outputs", True ): return wrap_fx_proxy( tx, sub_proxy.item(), ) if tensor.dtype not in [ torch.int8, torch.int16, torch.int32, torch.int64, ]: unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Tensor.tolist() with non-integer tensor", context=f"call_method {self} to_list", explanation="Dynamo currently does not support tracing " "`tolist()` on non-integer tensors.", hints=[ "Ensure the input tensor to `tolist()` is an integer " "type (e.g., int8, int16, int32, int64)." ], ) if tensor.dim() == 0: return wrap(tensor, sub_proxy) if tensor.dim() == 1: return [wrap(val, sub_proxy[i]) for i, val in enumerate(tensor)] return [ tolist(sub_tensor, sub_proxy=sub_proxy[i]) for i, sub_tensor in enumerate(tensor) ] tensor = self.as_proxy().node.meta["example_value"] out = tolist(tensor, self.as_proxy()) return VariableTracker.build(tx, out) def method_backward(self, *args, **kwargs): unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Unsupported Tensor.backward() call", context=f"call_method {self} backward {args} {kwargs}", explanation="Dynamo currently does not support tracing `Tensor.backward()`.", hints=[*graph_break_hints.FUNDAMENTAL], ) def method_data_ptr(self, *args, **kwargs): return DataPtrVariable(self) def method_item(self, *args, **kwargs): if not config.capture_scalar_outputs: self._warn_capture_scalar_outputs() unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Unsupported Tensor.item() call with capture_scalar_outputs=False", context=f"call_method {self} item {args} {kwargs}", explanation="Dynamo does not support tracing `Tensor.item()` " "with config.capture_scalar_outputs=False.", hints=[ "Set `torch._dynamo.config.capture_scalar_outputs = True` " "or `export TORCHDYNAMO_CAPTURE_SCALAR_OUTPUTS=1` " "to include these operations in the captured graph.", ], ) def method___getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): from ..symbolic_convert import InstructionTranslator from .builder import wrap_fx_proxy tx = InstructionTranslator.current_tx() if isinstance(args[0], SymNodeVariable): # Standard indexing will force specialization due to # __index__. Rewrite as a regular torch op which will # trace fine fn, args = ( torch.select, [ variables.ConstantVariable.create(0), args[0], ], ) else: fn = operator.getitem proxy = tx.output.create_proxy( "call_function", fn, *proxy_args_kwargs([self] + list(args), kwargs), ) return wrap_fx_proxy(tx, proxy) @staticmethod @functools.cache def _warn_capture_scalar_outputs(): user_stack = torch._guards.TracingContext.extract_stack() user_stack_formatted = "".join(traceback.format_list(user_stack)) log.warning( textwrap.dedent( """\ Graph break from `Tensor.item()`, consider setting: torch._dynamo.config.capture_scalar_outputs = True or: env TORCHDYNAMO_CAPTURE_SCALAR_OUTPUTS=1 to include these operations in the captured graph. Graph break: from user code at: %s """ ), user_stack_formatted, ) def method___len__(self): from ..symbolic_convert import InstructionTranslator tx = InstructionTranslator.current_tx() return self.call_method(tx, "size", [ConstantVariable.create(0)], {}) def method_addcmul_(self, tensor1, tensor2, *, value=None): from ..symbolic_convert import InstructionTranslator tx = InstructionTranslator.current_tx() if value is not None: from .. import polyfills return tx.inline_user_function_return( VariableTracker.build(tx, polyfills.addcmul_inplace), [self, tensor1, tensor2, value], {}, ) def method___setitem__(self, key, value): from ..symbolic_convert import InstructionTranslator tx = InstructionTranslator.current_tx() proxy = tx.output.create_proxy( "call_function", operator.setitem, *proxy_args_kwargs([self, key, value], {}), ) if config.use_graph_deduplication or config.track_nodes_for_deduplication: tx.output.region_tracker.add_node_mutation(proxy.node, 0) return ConstantVariable.create(None) def method_resize_(self, *args, **kwargs): unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Unsupported Tensor.resize_() call", context=f"call_method {self} resize_ {args} {kwargs}", explanation="Dynamo currently does not support tracing `Tensor.resize_()`.", hints=[], ) def method_resize_as_(self, *args, **kwargs): unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Unsupported Tensor.resize_as_() call", context=f"call_method {self} resize_as_ {args} {kwargs}", explanation="Dynamo currently does not support tracing `Tensor.resize_as_()`.", hints=[], ) def method_sparse_resize_(self, *args, **kwargs): unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Unsupported Tensor.sparse_resize_() call", context=f"call_method {self} sparse_resize_ {args} {kwargs}", explanation="Dynamo currently does not support tracing `Tensor.sparse_resize_()`.", hints=[], ) def method_sparse_resize_and_clear_(self, *args, **kwargs): unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Unsupported Tensor.sparse_resize_and_clear_() call", context=f"call_method {self} sparse_resize_and_clear_ {args} {kwargs}", explanation="Dynamo currently does not support tracing `Tensor.sparse_resize_and_clear_()`.", hints=[], ) def method_set_(self, *args, **kwargs): if len(args) > 1: # torch.Tensor.set_() has several overloads. # aten::set_.source_Tensor(Tensor) gets special handling # in AOTAutograd and functionalization, because it is the most common # overload and is used by FSDP. # graph-breaking on aten::set_source_Tensor_storage_offset for now, # unless we find that we need to make it work. unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Unsupported Tensor.set_() call", context=f"call_method {self} set_ {args} {kwargs}", explanation="Dynamo currently does not support tracing `Tensor.set_()` " "overloads that include more than one argument.", hints=[*graph_break_hints.SUPPORTABLE], ) def method_add_(self, other, *, alpha=None): if alpha is not None: from ..symbolic_convert import InstructionTranslator tx = InstructionTranslator.current_tx() result = variables.TorchInGraphFunctionVariable(torch.mul).call_function( tx, [other, alpha], {} ) return self.call_method(tx, "add_", [result], {}) def method_addcdiv_(self, tensor1, tensor2, *, value=None): from ..symbolic_convert import InstructionTranslator tx = InstructionTranslator.current_tx() if value is not None: result = variables.TorchInGraphFunctionVariable(torch.div).call_function( tx, [tensor1, tensor2], {} ) result = variables.TorchInGraphFunctionVariable(torch.mul).call_function( tx, [result, value], {} ) return self.call_method(tx, "add_", [result], {}) def method___contains__(self, arg): from ..symbolic_convert import InstructionTranslator tx = InstructionTranslator.current_tx() # Rewrite __contains__ here so that downstream passes can trace through # without dealing with unbacked symbool. Roughly the code we translate is: # def __contains__(self, x): # return (x == self).any().item() result = variables.TorchInGraphFunctionVariable(torch.eq).call_function( tx, [self, arg], {} ) result = variables.TorchInGraphFunctionVariable(torch.any).call_function( tx, [result], {} ) return result.call_method(tx, "item", [], {}) def method_redistribute(self, *args, **kwargs): from ..symbolic_convert import InstructionTranslator tx = InstructionTranslator.current_tx() # rewrite non-primitive args/kwargs to be included in the on-the-fly prim function # and rewrite args to have only proxyable args, then insert call_function args_as_value = [x.as_python_constant() for x in args] kwargs_as_value = {k: v.as_python_constant() for k, v in kwargs.items()} def redistribute_fn_with_prim_types(x): return x.redistribute(*args_as_value, **kwargs_as_value) # attach the same function name for better debugging redistribute_fn_with_prim_types.__name__ = "prim_redistribute" from .builder import wrap_fx_proxy return wrap_fx_proxy( tx=tx, proxy=tx.output.create_proxy( "call_function", redistribute_fn_with_prim_types, *proxy_args_kwargs([self], {}), ), ) def method_to_local(self, *args, **kwargs): from ..symbolic_convert import InstructionTranslator tx = InstructionTranslator.current_tx() # rewrite non-primitive args/kwargs to be included in the on-the-fly prim function # and rewrite args to have only proxyable args, then insert call_function args_as_value = [x.as_python_constant() for x in args] kwargs_as_value = {k: v.as_python_constant() for k, v in kwargs.items()} def to_local_fn_with_prim_types(x): return x.to_local(*args_as_value, **kwargs_as_value) # attach the same function name for better debugging to_local_fn_with_prim_types.__name__ = "prim_to_local" from .builder import wrap_fx_proxy return wrap_fx_proxy( tx=tx, proxy=tx.output.create_proxy( "call_function", to_local_fn_with_prim_types, *proxy_args_kwargs([self], {}), ), ) def method_register_hook(self, *args, **kwargs): return self._method_register_hook("register_hook", *args, **kwargs) def method_register_post_accumulate_grad_hook(self, *args, **kwargs): return self._method_register_hook( "register_post_accumulate_grad_hook", *args, **kwargs ) def _method_register_hook(self, name: str, hook: VariableTracker): # Note - do not arbitrarily add hooks here - make sure they match the same contract # see [On tensor.register_hook] from ..symbolic_convert import InstructionTranslator tx = InstructionTranslator.current_tx() if not self.source: if not compiled_autograd.compiled_autograd_enabled: # TODO(voz): # We can relax this by speculating the callable and ensuring that it doesn't modify arbitrary # python state. # We *Must* be in compiled_autograd here because backward hooks can contain anything, and it is unsafe to run # them in a compiled bwd without re-entering dynamo as compiled_autograd does. # # Discussion point 1 - Should we bypass this if nopython/fullgraph = True? # No. Because this was going to be a graph break anyway - this check does not # introduce new graph breaks where there were none. # # Discussion point 2 - Should we defer this check to backwards? # No. Because compiled autograd is not yet ready for prime time. As such, if we defer, a user # would have no recourse - their forward traces just fine, but will fail at backwards unless # compiled_autograd is enabled. If compiled_autograd fails (there are a lot of failures today) # then they have nothing they can do except disable compile. unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Compilation of intermediate hooks requires compiled autograd", context=f"var_getattr {self} {name}", explanation="Dynamo must be in compiled_autograd to register hooks.", hints=[], ) hook_name, bw_state_proxy = tx.output.add_backward_state_hook(hook) def _register_hook_trampoline(tensor, bw_state): register_hook = getattr(tensor, name) register_hook( functools.partial( trace_wrapped, fn=call_hook_from_backward_state, bw_state=bw_state, hook_name=hook_name, ) ) # TODO(jansel): returning None here is wrong, it should be # RemovableHandle, but we need some extra work to support # this properly. return None from .builder import wrap_fx_proxy self_proxy = self.as_proxy() self_proxy.node.meta["has_backward_hook"] = True return wrap_fx_proxy( tx, tx.output.create_proxy( "call_function", _register_hook_trampoline, (self_proxy, bw_state_proxy), {}, ), ) handle_variable = variables.RemovableHandleVariable( mutation_type=variables.base.ValueMutationNew(), ) tx.output.side_effects.register_hook(self, hook, handle_variable, name) return handle_variable def method_requires_grad_(self, requires_grad=True): if requires_grad is not True: requires_grad = requires_grad.as_python_constant() if self.as_proxy().node.meta["example_value"].requires_grad != requires_grad: unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Unsupported Tensor.requires_grad_() call", context=f"call_method {self} requires_grad_", explanation="Dynamo does not support changes to a Tensor's " "`requires_grad` through calling `requires_grad_()`.", hints=[], ) else: return self def method_new(self, *args, **kwargs): # Convert x.new(torch.Size) into x.new_empty(torch.Size), # as Tensor.new acts differently with a Size input versus a tuple input. if (len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], SizeVariable)) or ( len(args) >= 1 and all( isinstance(a, ConstantVariable) and a.python_type() == int for a in args ) ): from ..symbolic_convert import InstructionTranslator return self.call_method( InstructionTranslator.current_tx(), "new_empty", args, kwargs ) def method_untyped_storage(self): return UntypedStorageVariable( self, self.as_proxy().node.meta["example_value"].untyped_storage() ) def set_name_hint(self, name: str): if not self._is_name_set: self.proxy.node._rename(name) self._is_name_set = True class SymNodeVariable(VariableTracker): """ Represents a symbolic scalar, either int, float or bool. This is most commonly used to handle symbolic size computation, e.g., tensor.size(0), but it is also used to handle logic like float_tensor.item() or unspecialized float inputs. """ _nonvar_fields = { "proxy", "sym_num", *VariableTracker._nonvar_fields, } def debug_repr(self): return repr(self.sym_num) @classmethod def create(cls, tx, proxy, sym_num=None, **options): if sym_num is None: sym_num = get_fake_value(proxy.node, tx) if "example_value" in proxy.node.meta: assert proxy.node.meta["example_value"] == sym_num set_example_value(proxy.node, sym_num) if isinstance(sym_num, (sympy.Integer, int, bool)): sym_num = int(sym_num) if isinstance(sym_num, sympy.Integer) else sym_num return ConstantVariable.create(sym_num) return SymNodeVariable(proxy, sym_num, **options) def __init__(self, proxy, sym_num, **kwargs) -> None: super().__init__(**kwargs) self.proxy = proxy # TODO: Should we allow non SymTypes here? Today it is allowed self.sym_num = sym_num self._tensor_var = None def python_type(self): if isinstance(self.sym_num, SymTypes): return self.sym_num.node.pytype else: return type(self.sym_num) def as_proxy(self): return self.proxy def as_tensor(self, tx, dtype): if self._tensor_var is None: self._tensor_var = VariableTracker.build( tx, torch.scalar_tensor ).call_function(tx, [self], {"dtype": VariableTracker.build(tx, dtype)}) return self._tensor_var def evaluate_expr(self, output_graph=None): try: return guard_scalar(self.sym_num) except GuardOnDataDependentSymNode as e: if torch.fx.experimental._config.no_data_dependent_graph_break: raise raise UserError( # noqa: B904 UserErrorType.ANTI_PATTERN, f"Consider annotating your code using torch._check*(). {str(e)}", case_name="constrain_as_size_example", ) def call_method( self, tx, name, args: "list[VariableTracker]", kwargs: "dict[str, VariableTracker]", ) -> "VariableTracker": from .builder import wrap_fx_proxy return wrap_fx_proxy( tx, tx.output.create_proxy( "call_method", name, *proxy_args_kwargs([self, *args], kwargs), ), ) class NumpyNdarrayVariable(TensorVariable): """ Represents a np.ndarray, but backed by torch Tensor via torch._numpy.ndarray. Use this for Tensor.numpy() call. """ @staticmethod def create(tx: "InstructionTranslator", proxy, **options): from .builder import wrap_fx_proxy_cls return wrap_fx_proxy_cls( target_cls=NumpyNdarrayVariable, tx=tx, proxy=proxy, **options, ) def var_getattr(self, tx: "InstructionTranslator", name): # NB: This INTENTIONALLY does not call super(), because there is # no intrinsic reason ndarray properties are related to Tensor # properties. The inheritance here is for implementation sharing. from ..utils import numpy_attr_wrapper from .builder import wrap_fx_proxy result = None example_value = self.as_proxy().node.meta["example_value"] example_ndarray = tnp.ndarray(example_value) def insert_into_graph(): return wrap_fx_proxy( tx, tx.output.create_proxy( "call_function", numpy_attr_wrapper, (self.as_proxy(), name), {} ), ) if name in ["T", "real", "imag"]: proxy = tx.output.create_proxy( "call_function", numpy_attr_wrapper, (self.as_proxy(), name), {}, ) result = NumpyNdarrayVariable.create(tx, proxy) # These are awkward to implement. The standard playbook for torch._numpy # interop is to trace a call into the torch._numpy wrapper which works for # Tensor operations. However, we don't want to do this for calls # that don't return Tensors, because in those cases we may not want # to trace the attribute access into the graph at all (it is sort # of harmless to do so, because AOTAutograd will eliminate them, # but it's best not to trace them in to begin with.) But in any # case, tracing these into the graph is like trying to fit a square # peg into a round hole; best not to do it. So instead we # painstakingly implement these by hand # # NB: only ALWAYS specialized attributes can go here; notably, # size/shape not allowed! elif name in ("ndim", "itemsize"): return ConstantVariable.create(getattr(example_ndarray, name)) elif name in ("shape", "stride"): if not has_free_symbols(r := getattr(example_ndarray, name)): return ConstantVariable.create(tuple(int(r) for r in r)) return insert_into_graph() elif name == "size": if not has_free_symbols(r := example_ndarray.size): return ConstantVariable.create(int(r)) return insert_into_graph() elif name in ["base", "flags", "dtype"]: unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Unsupported ndarray attribute access", context=f"var_getattr {self} {name}", explanation=f"Dynamo currently does not support tracing `ndarray.{name}`.", hints=[], ) elif name in ["__version__"]: unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Unsupported ndarray.__version__ access", context=f"var_getattr {self} {name}", explanation=f"Dynamo currently does not support tracing `ndarray.{name}`.", hints=[], ) if result is None: raise NotImplementedError return result @staticmethod def patch_args(name, args, kwargs): if name == "clip": kwargs_rename = {"a_min": "min", "a_max": "max"} kwargs = {kwargs_rename.get(k, k): v for k, v in kwargs.items()} return args, kwargs def call_method( self, tx, name, args: "list[VariableTracker]", kwargs: "dict[str, VariableTracker]", ) -> "VariableTracker": from ..utils import numpy_method_wrapper args, kwargs = self.patch_args(name, args, kwargs) if name in ["__len__", "size", "tolist"]: # delegate back to TensorVariable return super().call_method(tx, name, args, kwargs) if name in ("tostring", "tobytes", "__delattr__"): unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Unsupported ndarray method call", context=f"call_method {self} {name} {args} {kwargs}", explanation=f"`ndarray.{name}()` is not modelled in `torch._numpy`.", hints=[], ) proxy = tx.output.create_proxy( "call_function", numpy_method_wrapper(name), *proxy_args_kwargs([self] + list(args), kwargs), ) return NumpyNdarrayVariable.create(tx, proxy) def python_type(self): return np.ndarray class UnspecializedPythonVariable(TensorVariable): """ This is a 1-element tensor represents unspecialized python float/int. """ _nonvar_fields = { "raw_value", "need_unwrap", *TensorVariable._nonvar_fields, } def __init__( self, proxy: torch.fx.Proxy, *, raw_value=None, need_unwrap=True, **kwargs ) -> None: super().__init__(proxy, **kwargs) self.raw_value = raw_value self.need_unwrap = need_unwrap @classmethod def from_tensor_variable(cls, tensor_variable, raw_value, need_unwrap=True): # Convert a `TensorVariable` instance into an `UnspecializedPythonVariable` instance. return UnspecializedPythonVariable( **dict(tensor_variable.__dict__), raw_value=raw_value, need_unwrap=need_unwrap, ) class FakeItemVariable(TensorVariable): """An unspecialized python variable which prevents access to the underlying raw value. This is needed if item is called on a FakeTensor.""" _nonvar_fields = { "need_unwrap", *TensorVariable._nonvar_fields, } def __init__(self, proxy: torch.fx.Proxy, **kwargs) -> None: need_unwrap = kwargs.pop("need_unwrap", False) super().__init__(proxy, **kwargs) self.need_unwrap = need_unwrap @classmethod def from_tensor_variable(cls, tensor_variable): return FakeItemVariable(**dict(tensor_variable.__dict__)) class TensorSubclassVariable(UserDefinedClassVariable): def call_function( self, tx: "InstructionTranslator", args: list[VariableTracker], kwargs: dict[str, VariableTracker], ) -> VariableTracker: # Handle `Subclass(existing_tensor, ...)` calls. from .torch_function import TensorWithTFOverrideVariable new_func = self.value.__new__ if new_func is torch.Tensor.__new__: if ( len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], TensorVariable) and len(kwargs) == 0 ): data = args[0] # Simulate `torch.Tensor.__new__` as shallow-copying the input # tensor data with a new type. TODO polyfill? var = TensorWithTFOverrideVariable.from_tensor_var( tx, data, self.value, self.source ) else: unimplemented_v2( gb_type="Calling subclass default constructor with more than tensor argument", context=f"{self.value}(args={args}, kwargs={kwargs})", explanation="Currently not supported", hints=[ "Avoid this constructor call or move it outside " "`torch.compile` regione", *graph_break_hints.SUPPORTABLE, ], ) else: # Let Dynamo trace through custom `__new__` var = VariableTracker.build(tx, new_func).call_function( tx, [self] + args, kwargs ) # Let Dynamo trace through custom `__init__` init_func = self.value.__init__ # TODO builder should be able to handle `torch.Tensor.__init__`, # which is `object.__init__`, so that we can remove this check. if init_func is not torch.Tensor.__init__: VariableTracker.build(tx, init_func).call_function(tx, [var], kwargs) # See NOTE [Side effect tracking for newly constructed tensor] tx.output.side_effects._track_obj( object(), var, mutation_type_cls=AttributeMutationNew ) return var def as_python_constant(self): return self.value class UntypedStorageVariable(VariableTracker): _nonvar_fields = { "example_value", *VariableTracker._nonvar_fields, } def __init__( self, from_tensor: TensorVariable, example_value: torch.UntypedStorage, **kwargs, ) -> None: super().__init__(**kwargs) self.from_tensor = from_tensor # Example_value will always have device="meta" self.example_value = example_value def call_method( self, tx, name, args: list[VariableTracker], kwargs: dict[str, VariableTracker], ) -> VariableTracker: if name == "size": assert not args assert not kwargs result = self.example_value.size() if not has_free_symbols(result): # avoid creating a node in the graph return ConstantVariable.create(int(result)) else: from ..external_utils import untyped_storage_size from .builder import wrap_fx_proxy return wrap_fx_proxy( tx, tx.output.create_proxy( "call_function", untyped_storage_size, (self.from_tensor.as_proxy(),), {}, ), ) if name == "resize_" and len(args) == 1: assert not kwargs tx.output.create_proxy( "call_function", torch.ops.inductor.resize_storage_bytes_, (self.from_tensor.as_proxy(), args[0].as_proxy()), {}, ) return self return super().call_method(tx, name, args, kwargs) def reconstruct(self, codegen: "PyCodegen"): codegen(self.from_tensor) codegen.load_method("untyped_storage") codegen.call_method(0) class DataPtrVariable(VariableTracker): def __init__( self, from_tensor: TensorVariable, **kwargs, ) -> None: super().__init__(**kwargs) self.from_tensor = from_tensor def reconstruct(self, codegen: "PyCodegen"): codegen(self.from_tensor) codegen.load_method("data_ptr") codegen.call_method(0)